What Causes Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

The menstrual cycle is an observable indicator of a woman's reproductive function. It includes an ovulation phase, releasing a mature egg from an ovary. If a male sperm does not fertilise this egg, it is sent out of the body during the menstrual phase. This is the normal menstrual process for females. However, the menstrual cycle can be affected by hormonal imbalance. When this happens, there may be issues with ovulation, and small fluid-sacs or cysts develop in the ovaries.

These polycystic ovaries produce androgens excessively, usually noticed in abundance in men. Such a phenomenon is known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). This condition affects about 10% of women and leads to an imbalance in the menstrual cycle as well as other bodily functions. In this blog, you will learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of PCOS.

Causes of PCOS

PCOS is connected to irregular hormone levels. However, the exact PCOS causes are not entirely understood. There may be a myriad of reasons that can cause the ovaries to struggle with the release of mature eggs, which, in turn, leads to cysts around them.

Some plausible causes identified for PCOS are:

• Family History: History of PCOS within the family or genetically linked.

• Increased Insulin Levels: Insulin is the hormone responsible for regulating sugar levels in the body. When there is insulin resistance, the increased insulin production can cause higher androgen levels, which is a direct cause of PCOS.

• Obesity: Insulin levels are connected to obesity or being overweight. Higher weight also contributes to hormonal imbalance, causing the symptoms of PCOS.

Symptoms of PCOS

The symptoms of PCOS vary for every woman based on their lifestyle, health history, life stage, etc. Typically, women with PCOS project the following signs and symptoms:

• Irregular/No Periods: A direct indicator of PCOS is uneven menstrual cycle. Infrequent and irregular periods are the hallmark signs. Sometimes, the periods are prolonged, or you may stop ovulating altogether.

• Excess Hair Growth: Abnormal body hair growth, known as hirsutism, is another sign of PCOS. It impacts areas like the face, chest, and back.

• Weight Gain: Unexplainable weight gain, especially in a limited period, is a sign of PCOS. It is primarily concentrated in the abdominal area.

• Unstable Mood: As hormonal imbalance is a cause of PCOS, it also targets emotional states. Hence, you may experience stress and anxiety and go through depressive episodes.

• Skin Conditions: Due to increased levels of androgens, skin conditions like acne, tags, and dark or thick skin markings are common.

• Fertility Problems: As there is irregular or lack of ovulation with PCOS, facing difficulty with conceiving is a symptom.

How is PCOS diagnosed?

If you notice the symptoms of PCOS, immediately consult with a doctor. You can go to a General Physician to check you for high blood pressure. They will then question your symptoms, lifestyle, and other health problems. Some other tests conducted to diagnose PCOS are:

• Blood tests to look for elevated levels of hormones and androgens. They are also used to check blood glucose levels and cholesterol.

• Ultrasound to check the size of ovaries and identify cysts.

• Physical examination to check your pelvis and assess the health of your reproductive organs.

The types of diagnostic tests performed differ on a case-to-case basis.

Treatments for PCOS

A definite cure for PCOS has not yet been identified. Thus, the various polycystic treatment options focus on managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term complications. They are tailored based on your condition. Some common treatment approaches include:

• Lifestyle Modifications

A healthy diet and regular exercise are the most effective way to manage PCOS symptoms. Doctors usually recommend an active lifestyle with a balanced diet to help manage weight, reduce insulin levels, and improve the body's ability to regulate hormones.

• Medications

To control irregular hormonal levels, doctors recommend contraceptive pills. For increased estrogen levels, they administer anti-androgen medicines. Metformin, a type 2 diabetes medication, is also prescribed to treat PCOS in women. Other drugs may target symptoms like skin conditions, weight, body hair growth, etc.

• Surgery

In rare cases, when PCOS causes fertility problems, a minor surgical procedure known as laparoscopic ovarian drilling is performed when the medications do not work. It involves destroying the tissues, producing androgens, and correcting hormonal imbalance.

Possible Complications of PCOS

If you have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, you are highly likely to develop health problems such as Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, obesity-related complications, preterm deliveries, infertility, and endometrial cancer.

Managing PCOS: Take Charge of Your Health

PCOS is a challenging condition to deal with, but it does not define your life. Thankfully, the condition can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medications. By understanding its potential causes and symptoms and following the doctor's guidelines, you can take control of PCOS. The key is to stay informed and initiative-taking about your health.

For financial support in managing PCOS, consider exploring ManipalCigna Health Insurance plans for women. The plans are designed to cover your unique health complications and ease your financial worries.

FAQs

Is it possible to reverse PCOS symptoms with weight loss?

No, weight loss cannot reverse PCOS symptoms entirely. However, it can help manage the symptoms such as insulin resistance, irregular periods, and hormonal imbalance.

Is medication always required? Or are diet and lifestyle changes enough to manage PCOS?

A diet combined with a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve PCOS. Thus, medication is not always necessary. Doctors often prescribe medicines when they notice a severity or need to get specific symptoms under control immediately.

Does PCOS affect the menopause experience?

Yes, PCOS can affect the menopause experience. Menopause may be delayed, menopause; irregular periods may resolve with menopause, hormonal imbalances may persist. Some of these symptoms may even worsen, depending on your condition. Hence, it is important to get checked and monitor your health while approaching menopause.